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Section 3 - Feed Management
The amount of livestock manure produced and the intensity of odors can
be manipulated through feed management. A ration with lower amounts of
non-digestible materials will have fewer materials passing through the
animal and out as manure. Since many odors are related to nitrogen and
phosphorus, a ration that reduces N and P in the manure will produce lower
amounts of odor.
Use the checklists in this section to assess the practices you are currently
using and to look for viable options to consider.
What you need for this section:
Beef Nutrition Self-Assessment
| Feeding Practices |
Reduces N Excretion |
Reduces P Excretion |
Reduces Purchased Feed Used |
Is this option currently used
on your operation? |
Is this a viable option for future
adoption? |
| Group cattle by weight and class and formulate
multiple rations |
Y |
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with 12-13% CP for cattle fed an
85% or more concentrate diet |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with according to NRC for beef cows |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed phosphorus not to exceed the following
dietary levels:
| |
Dietary P (%) |
| Growing calves |
0.25 |
| Finishing calves |
0.30 |
| Finishing yearlings* |
0.24 |
* Supplemental P is not needed in a corn/hay diet. |
|
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with 0.12-0.21 %P for cows, depending
on stage of life |
|
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Improve quality of home-grown feeds |
|
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Test all forages and feed ingredients and adjust
rations accordingly |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
CP = crude protein; NRC = Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, 1996.
Dairy Nutrition Self-Assessment
| Feeding Practices |
Reduces N Excretion |
Reduces P Excretion |
Reduces Purchased Feed Used |
Is this option currently used
on your operation? |
Is this a viable option for future
adoption? |
| Group cattle by milk production or lactation
stage and formulate multiple rations |
Y |
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with % P of 0.49% P for fresh cows
(first 3 weeks) |
|
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with % P of 0.38% - 0.42% for early-to-mid-lactation
cows |
|
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with 19% CP and 40% RUP for fresh
cows |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with 16% - 18% CP and 36% - 38%
RUP for early-to-mid-lactation cows |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Feed ration with 14% CP and 30% RUP for late-lactation
cows |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Improve quality of homegrown feeds |
|
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Increase dry matter intake |
Y |
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Monitor MUN (should be between 12 and 18 mg/dl) |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Blend legume and corn silage in ration to meet
protein requirements |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Test all forages and feed ingredients and adjust
rations accordingly |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
CP = crude protein; RUP = rumen undegradable protein (given as % of total
CP); MUN = milk urea nitrogen.
Information in this section was modified from Livestock
and Poultry Environmental Stewardship Program, Lesson 12, Feeding Dairy
Cows to Reduce Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Excretion into the
Environment, by Rick Grant of University of Nebraska.
Pig Nutrition Self-Assessment
| Feeding Practices |
Reduces N Content of Manure |
Reduces P Content of Manure |
Reduces Air Quality Effects |
Do you currently practice? |
Will you consider for future? |
| Install feeders / feed systems designed to minimize
feed waste |
Y |
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Adjust and clean feeders frequently |
Y |
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Use pelleted feeds |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Formulate feeds based on digestible nutrients
rather than totals |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Select feed ingredients that have high digestibility |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Grind coarse feed ingredients to a uniformly
fine particle size |
Y |
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Add phytase to the feed |
|
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Add fiber-degrading enzymes to the feed |
Y |
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Select ingredients that are low in fiber (NDF
and ADF) |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Select ingredients that are low in trypsin inhibitors |
Y |
|
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Include disposal costs in economics of nutrition
decisions |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Implement phase feeding and split-sex feeding |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Determine the nutritional value of each batch
of an ingredient |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Properly weigh and mix ingredients |
Y |
Y |
|
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Reduce protein in the diet by matching amino
acid requirements |
Y |
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Add urine-acidifying compounds to the feed |
|
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Avoid excess sulfur-containing mineral sources |
|
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
| Use efficient water nipples, cups under drinkers,
wet-dry, or liquid feeders and fix water leaks immediately |
|
|
Y |
Yes No |
Yes No |
Information in this section was modified from
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship Program, Lesson 10, Reducing
Pig Waste and Odor Through Nutritional Means, by Theo van Kempen of North
Carolina State University.
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