Vern Hofman served as a consultant in Mongolia on a project
to set up a no-till spring wheat project in April and May 1999. It was quite an adventure.
Mongolia has extreme soil erosion problems as their spring wheat is grown on summer
fallow. The soil is tilled excessively to control weeds, so when it blows or rains, the
soil starts moving. One evening, 50 to 60 mph winds caused the blowing dust to reduce
visibility to near zero. No-till practices would reduce the amount of soil erosion.Mongolia
is located between China and Siberia. The grain production area is in northern Mongolia at
a similar latitude as northern North Dakota. The rainfall is about 12 to 14 inches a year
with a climate similar to western North Dakota and eastern Montana. The grain producing
area is about 0.8 million acres. The remaining acreage is used for livestock grazing.
Mongolia was under the influence of the Soviet Union until about 1991. The Mongolian
government is trying to privatize the Soviet commune farms but it is difficult because of
the lack of money to buy fertilizer, pesticides or machinery. Demonstration fields are
being used to show farm managers the importance of using fertilizer, burn down herbicides,
new grain varieties, crop rotations, and no-till drills.
Vern spent three weeks in Mongolia helping set up demonstration no-till fields and
assembling four John Deere 1560 single disc drills and four Blumhardt sprayers. Two
varieties of wheat were imported (Pioneer 2375 and Kulm) from North Dakota, and were
planted on 50 hectare demonstration plots on 4 different farms.
The demonstrations used practices similar to that used by North American no-till
producers except for rotating the wheat onto a different stubble. That will come in the
future. It is planned to introduce other crops such as peas, lentils, chickpeas,
sunflower, and canola. The nitrogen fixing crops are extremely important as nitrogen
fertilizer has not been applied to Mongolian fields for at least four years and maybe
longer. Wheat yields are very poor, usually averaging about 10 to 12 bushels per acre, on
summer fallow. Wheat is also planted very deep (3-4 inches) to find moisture. This usually
gives a poor stand. The four demonstration fields were set up to conserve moisture, reduce
erosion and to get them into a continuous cropping sequence.
A field day was held at one of the farms to demonstrate the calibration and operation
of the drills and sprayers to all the farm managers and equipment operators. The
demonstration was a slow process as everything went through an interpreter and all
dimensions were converted to metric. Representatives from the agricultural college and
department of agriculture were also in attendance. Their involvement in this cooperative
venture is vital.
Farmers in Mongolia are using extremely old (25 to 30 years) and poorly maintained
seeding equipment. All this equipment was built in Russia and brought to Mongolia during
Russian occupation. Vern made suggestions on converting their seeding equipment to operate
as a no-till seeder. They currently use two types of seeding equipment - hoe and disc
drills. The hoe drills have been used occasionally for direct seeding into stubble. But
the farmers have never had a burn down herbicide to kill weeds before seeding. The disc
drills are similar to our double disc press drills that do not have any depth control. So,
they may operate to the disc hub at times and almost out of the soil at other times. A
suggestion was made to move the press wheels back so a gage wheel could be added behind
the opener to maintain a uniform seeding depth or to add a depth band on the disc opener.
Also, more down pressure would be needed with no-till to push the opener to the proper
operating depth and hold it there.
Their combines are also old. The biggest problem is straw collectors mounted on
combines to catch straw and bunch it in fields. Cattle are allowed to graze the piles over
winter but do not consume all the straw. A pile, therefore, remains in the spring and is
burned, wasting good material that can improve soil organic matter. It was suggested to
remove the straw catchers and enclose the rear of the combines so a straw chopper or straw
spreader could be added. This would allow chopping and spreading residue to help build
soil organic matter. The addition of chaff spreaders could also eliminate thick chaff mats
in the fields.
Mongolian farmers have a tremendous potential to grow grain and no-till production
could be a major contributing factor. The farmers are eager to learn and make changes.
They are in a position where North American farmers were 20-25 years ago; starting no-till
by converting existing equipment to direct seeding. By their willingness to make changes,
their economy can prosper and they can become an importer of North American agricultural
equipment.